Adult Education Associations and Organizations

The Role Of Liberal Values At The International Level

4. By using its influence to diminish the role of liberal values at the international level As China is becoming a global power today, China’s views on liberal values are gaining a greater share in the global marketplace of ideas negatively affects America’s national interests, since its growing power and the example of its development could have considerable ideological influence upon other countries. China’s economic rising power has deflected international criticism of its records of democratization and human rights. Human rights issues have indeed been given less importance during high level official visits. Today, the U.S. president seldom directly demands the release of Chinese political and religious dissidents. Under such circumstance, the United States and China are competing directly for impact upon shaping the international rules and norms. China has been highly supporting recent initiatives such as the G20, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the New Development Bank of the BRICS countries, and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, in which Western governments play a significantly smaller role than in longer-existing institutions, such as WTO, NATO, etc. In addition to that, as I have argued before, although China does not fight against liberal democracy with a counter-ideology, it does approach the potential norm of promoting liberal democratic values with the norm of international diversity. The concept of international diversity is thatShow MoreRelatedIs Democracy Promotion A Mask For Hegemonic Power?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy-promotion a mask for hegemonic power? Should liberal democracies impose their principles, values and ideals upon less democratic states? Hegemony is the concept meaning primacy of the leading state over the subordinate states without the use of any direct forms of violence (invasion, occupation or annexation). Many scholars in international relations have tried to find an answer to these questions, but they are still open to a much debate and discussion. Liberals believe that democracy promotion is anRead MoreThree Perspectives On Russia s Intervention1006 Words   |  5 PagesLauren Wells PSC 1003 Midterm October 19, 2015 Three Perspectives on Russia’s Intervention in Syria Much of the international news right now seems to relate to the crisis situation created by the civil war in Syria. The topic is on the minds of politicians, especially regarding the Syrian refugees hoping to escape the dangers of the war. Syrian rebels are attempting to overthrow the existing government. Some of these rebels have the support of the United States while others, such as thoseRead MoreWhat Are The Two Levels Of Security?873 Words   |  4 Pagesthe two levels of security? Physical security refers to security from violence, starvation, and the elements. The minimal level of security comprises good government, economic development, and clean environment. What is the trend in interstate war (war between 2 or more states) since the end of WW2? Interestingly enough, after WW2 the frequency and intensity of interstate wars began to decline, and from 1991 onwards the decline has accelerated. Some possible reasons might owe to the level of massacreRead MoreThe Argument Of Clash Of Civilians By Samuel Huntington999 Words   |  4 Pagesof Civilians† written by Samuel Huntington, he states that Western conflicts arose between nation states and ideologies. During the cold war the First, Second, and Third Worlds were divided by their status. Post Cold War it no longer mattered. International policies shift from Western being the main focus to focusing on the West and non-Western civilizations. The differences in civilization when it comes to their culture, customs, religion, ethnicity, have been there for centuries and after the ColdRead MorePublic Policy Is An Objective Oriented Action Plan1646 Words   |  7 Pagespolicy is ensuring the formulation and implementation of an acceptable balance between order and liberty. Th e design of public policy adopts a model that can undergo frequent adjustments to serve the role of embodying the necessary balance. Some of the most controversial public debates revolve around the role of the government in undertaking measures to respond to various issues. Answering of such questions has a direct impact on the capacity to attain an adequate balance between order and liberty inRead MoreJohn Rawls on Justice Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages John Rawls was a man who played an influential role in shaping political thought in the late 20th century. Rawls is accredited for writing two major contributions that has helped influence political ideology of those even today. His first piece was published in 1971, A Theory of Justice, which argues his belief of justice on the domestic level and also that reconciliation between liberty and equality must occur in order to have a just society . Rawls’s belief of what justice should be is extremelyRead MoreThe Lead Policy Maker Of The United States Of America Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesrelated to America’s foreign policy and role in international politics. In his four lessons, the President emphasized themes of power and security, which are the basis for the traditions of liberalism and realism - received emphasis. The writing that follows will analyze President Obama’s themes of intellectual pluralism with an emphasis on liberalism and realism, as eviden t in his address to the Air Force Academy. Firstly, this analysis will discuss liberal perspectives conveyed in President Obama’sRead MoreLiberalism and Its Key Values821 Words   |  3 Pagesits key values, those of Democracy and Social Justice have often been posited as providing the world with an ideology and political philosophy which can guarantee peace between its adherents. The ‘Democratic Peace’ has been formulated in order to illustrate a world in which democratic states do not engage in war between each oth-er as fellow democrats live with a stable and historically unique form of government. This essay shall explore whether it is acceptable that one can portray ‘liberal democracy’Read MoreLiberalism and Mercantilism1287 Words   |  6 PagesLiberalism and Mercantilism International political economy is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three main ideologies, Liberalism, Mercantilism and Marxism. In this essay there will be three parts, first part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international political economy and then the second part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and MercantilismRead MoreInternational Security And International Law Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesInternational security studies offer several concepts to facilitate comprehension of the complex international order. Transnational identities, balance of power and international institutions and law are the most applicable concepts to describe the international security system. They best reflect the thinking of political leaders even in contrary forms of governments in different parts of the world, in sum, they consider the most dominant paradigms in the study of world politics and they supplement

Patent And Trade Secret Protection - 1198 Words

When issuing a compulsory license, the effect is to exempt the user who produces the patented substance or uses technology from liability of infringement. If a patentee applies for a patent for a newly discovered or an alienated substance, or a synergy of entities, she is not required to disclose the â€Å"know-how† to the public. Therefore, she can retain the information undisclosed as trade secrets. Ordinarily, companies use patent and trade secret protection together in a synergistic manner to enhance exclusivity as a common strategy. As a result, if the user of a compulsory license does not comprehend the know-how, then the production of the final product would eventually come to naught. Under the situation of a†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, arbitrariness is inevitable due to analytical difficulties faced by examiners and courts. Without setting up a utility model, examiners and courts are plagued by hindsight bias in the U.S., let alone to say having a sub -requirement as such. Section 3(d) of the IPA is also designed to narrow the scope of patent protection, notwithstanding it has a definite goal — preventing evergreening. Section 3(d) also utilizes an explanatory note to delimitate special conditions of nowadays pharmaceutical practices. This thesis considers an explanatory note is a workable solution to comply with the non-discrimination obligation under article 27.1 of the TRIPS. 2. The Capability of the Patent Office The Indian Patent Office (IPO) has full authority under law to determine what is patentable and what should be excluded from patentability if the condition set in section 3(d) is met. Owing to no patents granted to pharmaceutical substances before the amendments coming into effect, the Indian Patent Office received 8,926 mailbox applications prior to January 1, 2005. For the blank period of no protection for nearly 35 years, the capability of the IPO examiners to review and evaluate efficacy data was inShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Australian Patent Procedure1414 Words   |  6 PagesAustralian Patent Procedure Patenting a product will take a lot of time, effort and resources but by patenting your invention, it will give you long-term protection and control over your invention and would be able to gain beneficial economic value in return as well as monopolize your invention on the selected market. Standard patent will protect your invention up to 20 years from the date you complete your application. Provisional Before you can commercialize your product there will be certainRead MoreIntellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 19761688 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the ownership of intellectual property (Legal Information Institute). A copyright gives the originator of literary, artistic, or music works the right to perform, publish, record, or print them. This canRead MoreChinese Foreign Trade Relations : Intellectual Property Enforcement Context1164 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Chinese Foreign Trade Relations: Intellectual Property Enforcement Context I. Introduction American businesses are losing up to an estimated $60 billion each year in the global market from intellectual property violations. The problem continues to grow as more American companies invest overseas, and more products consist of intangible or intellectual property. American companies face more than just economic challenges: if losses of intellectual property rights continue to go uncheckedRead MorePatents And The Patent Act Of 19521224 Words   |  5 PagesPatents Patents are government-granted, temporary rights to exclude, awarded in return for an individual’s disclosure of a new useful invention. Patents are granted by the USPTO and last for nonrenewable term of 20 years (Ferrera et al, 2012). Patents grant exclusive rights to exclude others from engaging in making, using, selling of patent products (O reilly, 2007). Online businesses must be aware of other’s patent rights even if they do not copy other companies’ business methods or technologiesRead MoreIntellectual Property And Technology : The Real World : Legal Matters Sweet As Candy1071 Words   |  5 Pagesunder seize by his competitors, specifically Mr. Slugworth, Mr. Fickelgruber, and Mr. Prodnose. Wonka went to extreme measures to ensure his trade secrets, creations, and technologies were kept safe from his competitors. The amount of effort put into protecting his secrets was incredibly overworked. The challenges Willy Wonka faced in protecting his secrets are literary example of the real world obstacles inventors face with their creations. In today’s technological society, many inventors contributingRead MoreIntellectual Property Protection and Enforcement Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped through an intellectual and creative processes. Intellectual property falls under the category of property known as intangible rights, which includes patents (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter), copyrights (original artistic and literary works of), trademarks (commercial symbols), and trade secrets ((product formulas, patterns, designs). Intellectual property rights has a significant value to both individuals and businesses, providing in the case of largeRead MoreEssay On Patent Systems1342 Words   |  6 PagesRegulations (ACE 592) Juhi Tomar 1. Patent systems allows inventors all around the world to file and claim some form of intellectual property as their invention which gives them exclusive rights to make use of this property for a certain period of time (usually 20 years), after which it is available for public use. The inventor must release all details regarding the invention which are needed to utilize the property by experts/professionals in the field. The patent system gives rise to many economicRead MoreThe And The Industrial Revolutions1305 Words   |  6 Pagesintellectual property? Intellectual property or IP for short is creations of the mind, such as; inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, names and images used in commerce. Among these IP also includes trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks. IP and its protection are detrimental to the success of the economy. IPs are the innovations that drive the market forward and they are what created eras like the renaissance and the industrial revolutions. But nowadays it is a lot easierRead More Intellectual Property Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesproperty law include: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret. Intellectual Property can be categorized under the following: Monopoly Right to prevent copying De Facto Monopoly Contractual Patents Unregistered Trade Marks Trade Secrets Confidential Information Registered Trade Marks Unregistered Designs Know-How Registered Design Copyright This essay focuses on Patents, Registered Designs, Unregistered Design Right and trademarks. A patent is needed to increaseRead MoreYou And Your Assistant Igor Have Just Created Frankenstein1419 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding reasons for selecting your choices and not selecting others. If I were to select an intellectual property protection for Frankenstein in order to protect it as valuable corporate asset, I would carefully analyze the costs and benefits of each form of protection and decide what type of intellectual property protection I want for my creation. I would like to file for a patent application with the government since it allows exclusive rights to the invention. It is a novel invention involving

Business Plan For An Upscale Bowling Lounge Essay

Options Option 1: The business should apply the strategy that target family by adding kid-friendly area. Pros: 1. By implement this kid-friendly strategy, Shelby Givens believes that Westlake Lanes can obtain 52000 annual traffic, the more traffic means that the business can generate more revenue. 2. The cost is comparably low for adding kid-friendly area, it needs $200K-300K investment, which is lower than another new business idea, building an upscale bowling lounge. And this option only needs little reconstruction, there is no significant remodel cost. Also, the maintenance cost is kind of low because the kid-friendly facilities will face low chance of damage. 3. Parents are usually willing to spend more money on their children for entertainment, data shown that parents will pay up to $20 per child for kid-oriented entertainment. Therefore, the kid-friendly strategy will have high sustainability to keep operating in this business for a long time. Cons: 1. The advertising cost is high for this new strategy. The business need to spend money and efforts on promoting the kid-focus facilities by using TV, radio, brochure, etc., these advertising tools are all need high capital investment. 2. By implementing this strategy, Westlake Lanes need to hire more employees to ensure that this new service will operate effectively. It will increase the employee salary expense by increasing part-time employee number to eight. 3. It will need time to set up the kid-friendly facilitiesShow MoreRelatedWestlake Lines3009 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Westlake Bowling Lanes is a small business in downtown Raleigh. It was founded by late Dane Sugar and is currently owned by Sugar’s Raleigh-based son, along with a pair of his close friends. During Sugar’s lifetime, he managed every aspect of the business, but after his death in October, 2008, the new board of directors failed in hiring a suitable business manager, until 2009, when they hired Shelby Givens (Sugar’s granddaughter). The company currently faces serious financial challengesRead MoreWestlake Lanes memo1036 Words   |  5 PagesGivens (General Manager, Westlake Bowling Lanes - here onwards WBL) FROM: Kumar Gaurav (Candidate # 75745133, UBC) SUBJECT: Recommendation towards business planning for WBL DATE: 2nd September 2013 Key Issues: Shelby Givens, G.M of WBL could not get the business on track to repay the funds the board had loaned it 16 months before. In Jan 2010, the business profited for the 1st time in two years. But, now she wants to decide on a future direction for the business, so that the debt payment can beRead MoreRecommendation Towards Business Planning For Wbl1061 Words   |  5 PagesGivens (General Manager, Westlake Bowling Lanes - here onwards WBL) FROM: Kumar Gaurav (Candidate # 75745133, UBC) SUBJECT: Recommendation towards business planning for WBL DATE: 2nd September 2013 Key Issues: Shelby Givens, G.M of WBL could not get the business on track to repay the funds the board had loaned it 16 months before. In Jan 2010, the business profited for the 1st time in two years. But, now she wants to decide on a future direction for the business, so that the debt payment can beRead MoreCase Analysis : Westlake Lanes Operated At A Loss For The Recent 3 Years2574 Words   |  11 Pagesanalysis, VRINE, and financial analysis are utilized for internal analysis. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS PESTEL Analysis: Political: A 60% electricity usage of commercial compact fluorescent lighting subsidization from government for 24 months. As well as, Small Business Association offers assistance to small businesses. Economical: The U.S. economy recovery from financial crisis which occurred in 2008. To be specific, there are a third of Raleigh’s families who have an annually income between $50,000 and $100Read MoreCase Analysis : Westlake Lanes Operated At Losses For The Recent 3 Years2549 Words   |  11 Pagesanalysis, and VRINE, financial analysis are utilized for internal analysis. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS PESTEL Analysis: Political: A 60% electricity usage of commercial compact fluorescent lighting subsidization from government for 24 months. As well as, Small Business Association offers assistance to small businesses. Economical: The U.S. economy recovery from financial crisis which occurred in 2008. To be specific, there are a third of Raleigh’s families who have an annually income between $50,000 and $100Read MoreThe Grove At Lee s Summit2000 Words   |  8 PagesThis development will include a tech-inspired business park, attractively designed residential units, specialty retail spaces and an abundance of restaurants for all tastes. Additionally, expect an amphitheater for events, a movie theater, fitness centers and spas, lodging and impeccable landscaping. Tremendous service and ultimate convenience will become the hallmark from the expected groundbreaking day in 2017. Loosely based upon successful upscale mixed-use developments like The Grove LA andRead MoreSugar Bowl6231 Words   |  25 Pagescollege roommate’s wedding because of an unanticipated staffing crisis. Givens had thought that by now, April 2012, a full year after the bowling lounge’s opening, her fast-paced and sometimes sleepless entrepreneurial life would be slower, or at least more predictable. But that simply wasn’t the case. Givens loved Raleigh and her job—managing her family’s bowling legacy was thrilling, professionally rewarding, and potentially lucrative. Profits were on the rise (See Exhibits 1 and 2 for Sugar BowlRead MoreHonorable Style in Dishonorable Times: American Gangsters of the 1920s and 1930s6221 Words   |  25 Pagesdont you have a suit made with stripes on it? The hell I am, Al shot back. Im going back to Florida for a nice long rest, and I need some new clothes before I go. In this irrationally jaunty mood, he ordered two new lightweight suits and made plans for an extended stay at his Palm Island hacienda. (Bergreen 485) This excerpt from Laurence Bergreens biography of Al Capone informs the reader of the gangsters criminality and potential jail time, but it also says much about the lifestyle of thisRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesasks you, Do you know the time? it is illogical to answer only Yes and walk away─ unless you are trying to irritate the person who asked the question. Real life decision-making often must work in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. In the business world, new competitors appear, prices rise or fall, opportunities that were available at one time are not available at another. The uncritical decision maker is unaware of these changes and continues to make decisions as if in the old environment

The Four Types of Essay Organization Free Essays

* The four types of essay organization that was discussed in the course readings were topic, time order, space order, and informative process. The characteristic that makes these essays expository for topic expository develops by topic systematically organizes information about topic in the most logical fashion. Time order developed by time order involves the sequential or chronological organization of information form one period to another. We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Types of Essay Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now This types of expository developed arranges information according to date or specific time, for instance, from the earliest to the most recent or vice versa. Space order an expository essay developed by space order involves the spatial organization of idea. This arrangement refers to information that deals with location of people, places, or things. Finally, the informative process developed by informative process may best be described as how essay, or demonstration. * How to distinguish space organization from time organization or informative process organization is that space organization arranges deals with people, places or things. And informative just involves step-by-step process, with arranged in their natural order, for example, â€Å"How to Write an Expository Essay†. * The organization of each essay can help the reader understand the subject matter because it helps defines and understand of each type of expository essays. * The essay I read that had the most effective organization was â€Å"A Soul as Free as the Air: About Lacy Stone†; because the essay explained everything about Lacy Stone by giving examples and details about her life. It also was developed in the four basic expository essay format with the topic giving the information about the whole essay, and with the time order it basically arranged everything and order that happened in her life, space order it stated how she lived her life in different place, and also the time she spent, and as for informative process the essay was basically written step by step giving details about the whole essay. * The type of essay organization that is suitable for my essay topic is topic because it would contain systematically organize information about a topic in the most logical fashion. How to cite The Four Types of Essay Organization, Essay examples

Managerial Economic in a Global Environment System

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Economic in a Global Environment System. Answer: Introduction The economist magazine has been publishing periodic news articles on various economic issues. The content of this paper thereby analyses various theoretical economics issues which are related to one of the news articles published on April 17, 2017. The article talks about various economic challenges which are facing Indian economy in the current year 2017. After critical discussion of three main economic themes within the article, the content of this paper also apply various policies related to the three main economic themes discussed. Various economic articles always contain economic discrepancies therefore the content of this paper also aims at justification and critiques of the article. the content of the paper lastly looks into how various policies have been applied within the content of the article and justifies whether the models as well as the economic policies have been well applied and used in the content of the news article. The economic news article selected is titled why the year 2017 is a challenging year to the Indian economy one of the challenges of the challenges addressed by the author of the news article is the daily rising wage rate, food prices as well as the increased property prices (The economist 2017). As indicated by different monetary speculations examined, it is very apparent that swelling is not quite recently because of overabundance request of products, but rather it is likewise connected to different cost push inflationary components. For example, the costs of sustenance staff have ascended therefore of the different supply requirements in farming segment in the year 2017 (Baker, Bloom and Davis 2016). These high costs have brought about swelling and are right now the central point lessening expectations for everyday comforts of poor people who are touchy to nourishment costs. In the recent year the unemployment rate in India as a country is high compared to other nations lamming its economic progress in the current year 2017. According to the current world census, India is in the top two of nations in the world with the largest population (Altbach, Gumport and Berdahl 2011). The available firms or industries are therefore limited to accommodate all the non employed individuals. In such cases where most of the people are not employed the government expenditure and boring are always high leading to slow economic growth. Over the recent the recent past the rate of inflation in India has been a little high compared to the previous year 2016. This according to the article with reference to IMF is as a result of the increased government expenditure and inflation (The economist 2017). The rate of output over the recent months of this is higher than the import thus suggesting weak economic growth. Relevant theoretical economic concepts to the article The selected article talks of India losing its position as one of the most fragile economy in the world. Over the recent past Indian as a country has been among the top five most fragile states but is currently moving backwards. In such a case the most economic theoretical model suiting the explanation is the growth of real GDP (The economist 2017). Indian real GDP which is the perfect measure of economic growth and development is currently high suggesting high rate of inflation an government expenditure in the current year. Over the recent past the Indian inflation rate of inflation has been at a controllable percentage of 4% per annum. In the year 2017 the rate has been increasing result into an effect to the economic health of India. In the year 2017, the rate of inflation according to the article has been increasing. This is as a result of the rising wage rates, prices of both private and business property as well as the improving food prices. In such situations where the rates of commodities are so high the rate of inflation also increase which is a challenge to economy of India. As per the information the rate Indian inflation currently in the year 2017 is ranging between 8 to 10 percent which is not healthy to an economy. This increasing rate inflation has been a problem despite periods of economic slowdown (The economist 2017). When excess money is in the hands of the public members the rate of inflation increases, current in India various firms of the government as well as private firms have inc reased the wage rate leading to inflation. The government should therefore develop various policies to control inflation rate. The rate of unemployment in India has been growing daily based on the population growth rate and stiff employment policies. There has been human resource wastage based on the large population in India. According to various censuses, India is the second with the largest population in the whole world after China. This has resulted into low living standards as well as low income per capita (The economist 2017). The with employment policies firms can only absorb the recommended number of employees leaving the rest to lie as waste. With the increased rate of unemployment the rate of real gross domestic product is also very low. Unemployment is therefore one of the economic issues that challenges the economic growth of India this year 2017. This is the control of the flow of money into the economic system to control the growth rate. The Indian real GDP as already mentioned is currently running at the rate of 6.6% from the previous year. This rate is too high above the normal growth rate which should at 3%, the rate of demand within the economy grows very first than the economy could sustain. Based on this the Central Bank of India should apply monetary policy to control the rate of inflation (Kotwal, Ramaswami and Wadhwa 2011). By increasing the rate of interests, borrowing of money becomes hectic and more expensive while making saving more attractive leading to reduced growth rate and consumer expenditure (The economist 2017). Fiscal policy is one of the policies that should be exploited by the Indian government to control the economy. This policy involves the use of both taxation and expenditure to control economic growth. This policy should be adopted like in the case of India where the economy requires external influence to be at a sustainable position (George 2017). Since the economy of India requires an external force in order to reach the desires point, the government should apply fiscal policy as it is suitable of controlling all the economic aspects such as the rate of employment, government expenditure and economic growth rate at the same time. When fiscal policy is adapted by the government, the results will be directly evident on the aggregate demand of the Indian economy over a given period (George 2017). The aggregate demand is the total sum of all the final commodities within the economy thus controlling the aggregate demand sustains an economy as explained. Even though the article is economically well organized there are some economic discrepancies within the content. The news article even though highlights various economic problems facing India as one of the global economy; it fails to apply various economic models apart of the economic analysis (The economist 2017). The news article only slightly describes various forces making India not be one of the most economies of the world but does not apply various economic models such as the demand and supply, models explaining the effect of high growth rate as well as the effect of inflation and unemployment. It depends upon various sections of AD. e.g. in case sureness is low, cutting charges may not manufacture buyer spending since people need to save. Moreover, people may not spend assess decreases, if they will soon be pivoted (The financial specialist 2017). Over the long force, expansionary monetary approach may achieve spilling, i.e. the organization expands spending which they get from the private division, these outcomes into less consumption, and consequently AD does not increment. Be that as it may, on the opposite side the Keynesians fight swarming out as an element which may not occur in a liquidity trap (The economist 2017). Considering the all the discrepancies, the author of the article also included two policies which should be employed by the Indian government (Budhwar and Varma 2010). This is perfect as it provides various options for the situation control. The article even though may have some discrepancies as highlighted it is well organized and can be used by the policy makers to sustain the Indian economic health. References Altbach, P.G., Gumport, P.J. and Berdahl, R.O. eds., 2011. American higher education in the twenty-first century: Social, political, and economic challenges. JHU Press. Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), pp.1593-1636. Budhwar, P. and Varma, A., 2010. Guest editors' introduction: Emerging patterns of HRM in the new Indian economic environment. Human Resource Management, 49(3), pp.345-351. DeGeorge, G., 2017. Issue: Economic Indicators Short Article: When Indicators Can't Be Trusted. Kotwal, A., Ramaswami, B. and Wadhwa, W., 2011. Economic liberalization and Indian economic growth: What's the evidence?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(4), pp.1152-1199. Krueger, A.O., 2012. Economic policy reforms and the Indian economy. University of Chicago Press. Salma, S. and Said, T., 2016. Threshold effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Financial Studies, 4(03), pp.24-37. The economist April 17, 2017; Authoritative insight and opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science, technology and the connections between them https://www.economist.com/topics/economics

Function of Plant Organs free essay sample

As was noted in the previous chapter, most plant cells are specialized to a greater or lesser degree, and arranged together in tissues. A tissue can be simple or complex depending upon whether it is composed of one or more than one type of cell. Tissues are further arranged or combined into organs that carry out life functions of the organism. Plant organs include the leaf, stem, root, and reproductive structures. The first three are sometimes called the vegetative organs and are the subject of exploration in this chapter. Reproductive organs will be covered in Chapter 5. The relationships of the organs within a plant body to each other remains an unsettled subject within plant morphology. The fundamental question is whether these are truly different structures, or just modifications of one basic structure (Eames, 1936; Esau, 1965). The plant body is an integrated, functional unit, so the division of a plant into organs is largely conceptual, providing a convenient way of approaching plant form and function. We will write a custom essay sample on Function of Plant Organs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A boundary between stem and leaf is particularly difficult to make, so botanists sometimes use the word shoot to refer to the stem and its appendages (Esau, 1965). The Leaf -The plant leaf is an organ whose shape promotes efficient gathering of light for photosynthesis, but the form of the leaf must also be balanced against the fact that most of the loss of water a plant might suffer is going to occur at its leaves. Leaves are extremely variable in details of size, shape, and adornments like hairs. Although the leaves of most plants carry out the same very basic functions, there is nonetheless an amazing variety of leaf sizes, shapes, margin types, forms of attachment, ornamentation (hairs), and even color. Examine the Leaves (forms) page to learn the extensive terminology used to describe this variation. Consider that there are functional reasons for the modifications from a basic type. The Stem The stem arises during development of the embryo as part of the hypocotyl-root axis, at the upper end of which are one or more cotyledons and the shoot primordium. The Root The root is the (typically) underground part of the plant axis specialized for both anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. Root (Follow any links for terms you do not understand and to gain a complete picture of root structural variation) Be sure to read about and understand the meaning of each (at a minimum) of the following terms: adventitious roots, endodermis, epidermis, gravitropism, root cap, root hair, stele, taproot. Most of the material you have read discusses the root organ as found in the angiosperms (flowering plants). However, among the vascular plants, only Psilotales lack such an organ, having i nstead rhizomes that bear hair-like absorbing structures called rhizoids (Eames, 1936 in Esau, 1965).